I. Inayiloni 66: ukukhula okuzinzile kwesidingo, ububanzi obukhulu bokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe

1.1 Inayiloni 66: ukusebenza okuphezulu, kodwa hhayi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezanele

Inayiloni igama elivamile le-polyamide noma i-PA.Isakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali sibonakala ngokuba khona kwamaqembu e-amide aphindayo (-[NHCO]-) ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwe-molecule.Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zenayiloni, ezingahlukaniswa zibe i-PA aliphatic, i-aliphatic-aromatic PA kanye ne-PA enephunga elimnandi ngokusho kwesakhiwo se-monomer, lapho i-aliphatic PA itholakala kabanzi, ikhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi. inayiloni 6 kanye nenayiloni 66 phakathi kwamanylons aliphatic.

Inayiloni inezinto ezinhle eziyindilinga, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zemishini, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokuhuzuka, ukumelana namakhemikhali kanye nokuzigcoba, futhi ine-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, ukubambezeleka kwelangabi nokucutshungulwa kalula.Kodwa-ke, inayiloni ibuye ibe nokubi njengokumuncwa kwamanzi amaningi, ukushwabana kokushisa, ukuwohloka kalula kwemikhiqizo kanye nobunzima bokudiliza, okudinga ukuguqulwa ekusetshenzisweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo sekukonke.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwenayiloni: 1) intambo yenayiloni yomphakathi: ingahlanganiswa noma iphothwe ibe yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yezokwelapha kanye nelukiwe.Imicu yenayiloni isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokuluka kanye nekasilika, njengokunitha amasokisi e-monofilament, amasokisi kasilika anwebekayo nezinye izinhlobo zamasokisi enayiloni angagugi, ama-sarong enayiloni, amanetha omiyane, intambo yenayiloni, izingubo zangaphandle zenayiloni ezinwebekayo, izinhlobonhlobo zesilika enayiloni noma imikhiqizo kasilika ehlanganisiwe.Imicu yenayiloni eyisisekelo ixutshwa kakhulu noboya noma eminye imicu yamakhemikhali ukwenza izinhlobonhlobo zezingubo ezigqoke kanzima.2) Intambo yenayiloni yezimboni: Embonini, inayiloni isetshenziswa ngobuningi ukwenza intambo yamasondo, indwangu yezimboni, izintambo, amabhande okuthutha, amatende, amanetha okudoba, njll. Kwezempi, isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ama-parachute neminye imikhiqizo ye-parachute.(3) Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela: acutshungulwa abe yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ukuze athathe indawo yensimbi, asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini zezimoto nezokuthutha.Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile ama-impeller, ama-fan blades, izihlalo zamavalvu, ama-bushings, ama-bearings, amaphaneli amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, amathuluzi kagesi wezimoto, amavalvu omoya oshisayo nabandayo nezinye izingxenye.

Inayiloni esetshenziswa kakhulu inayiloni 6 kanye nenayiloni 66, nakuba ukusebenza kwazo kanye nezindawo zokusebenzisa kunokugqagqana okukhulu, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa, inayiloni 66 inamandla, ukumelana nokugqokwa okuhle, ukuzwa okuthambile, ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu, kodwa i-brittle, akulula ukuyibala futhi intengo iphakeme kunenayiloni 6. Inayiloni 6 ayiqinile kangako, ithambile, ukumelana nokugqoka kubi kunenayiloni 66, lapho uhlangabezana namazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika, kulula ukuba brittle, intengo ngokuvamile iphansi kuneyiloni 66, ingabizi.Intengo ivamise ukuba ngaphansi kunaleyo inayiloni 66, okuyenza ingabizi kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, inayiloni 6 inezinzuzo eziningi emkhakheni wendwangu yomphakathi, futhi inayiloni 66 inezinzuzo eziningi emkhakheni we-silika yezimboni kanye nepulasitiki yobunjiniyela, ikakhulukazi endaweni engezansi ye-nylon 66 emkhakheni wezimoto, inayiloni 66 ingasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi kakhulu. kunayiloni 6.

Ngokuphathelene namaphethini okunikezwayo kanye nesidingo, inayiloni 6 nenayiloni 66 nazo zihluke kakhulu.Okokuqala, usayizi wemakethe yenayiloni 6 mkhulu kunalowo wenayiloni 66, nesidingo esisobala sama-chips enayiloni 6 eShayina esingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.2 ngo-2018, uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-520,000 enayiloni 66. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inayiloni 6 yaseChina kanye nomfula wayo okhuphukayo. I-caprolactam yempahla eluhlaza iyakwazi ukuzimela, ngezinga lokuziphilisa lonayiloni 6 lifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-91% kanye ne-caprolactam 93%;kodwa-ke, izinga lokukwazi ukwanelisa inayiloni 66 lingama-64% kuphela, kuyilapho ukuncika kwamanye amazwe kwe-caprolactam yempahla eluhlaza ephezulu kuphezulu njengo-100%.Ngokombono wokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe, ububanzi bokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe ochungechungeni lwemboni yenayiloni 66 ngokusobala bukhulu kakhulu kunalenayiloni 6. Lo mbiko ugxile kumthelela ongaba khona wokuphakelwa, ukufunwa nobuchwepheshe benayiloni 66 kanye nempahla yayo eluhlaza ekhuphuka nomfula. , i-adiponitrile, ku-ecology yemboni.

Inayiloni 66 itholakala ku-polycondensation ye-adipic acid ne-adipic diamine ngesilinganiso se-molar engu-1:1.I-adipic acid ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa yi-hydrogenation ye-benzene ehlanzekile elandelwa yi-oxidation nge-nitric acid.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-adipic acid e-China sebuvuthiwe futhi kukhona umthamo oweqile.

Ngo-2018, isidingo esisobala se-adipic acid eChina sasingamathani angama-340,000 kanti ukukhiqizwa kukazwelonke kwakungamathani angama-310,000, ngezinga lokuzanelisa elingaphezu kwama-90%.Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwe-hexamethylene diamine cishe kusekelwe ngokuphelele ku-hydrogenation ye-adiponitrile, okwamanje engeniswa eShayina, ngakho-ke imboni yenayiloni 66 empeleni ingaphansi kwama-giants angaphandle e-adiponitrile.Uma sicabangela ukuthengiswa okuseduze kobuchwepheshe be-adiponitrile basekhaya, sikholelwa ukuthi ukushintshwa kwe-adiponitrile kwamanye amazwe kuzoholela ezinguqukweni ezijulile embonini yenayiloni 66 eminyakeni ezayo.

1.2 Ukunikezwa kwenayiloni 66 kanye nesidingo: i-oligopoly nokuncika okuphezulu kwamanye amazwe

Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwenayiloni 66 eChina bekungamathani angama-520,000 ngo-2018, okulinganiselwa ku-23% wokusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke.Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela abalelwa ku-49%, ama-industrial yarn angu-34%, ama-civil yarns angu-13% kanti ezinye izicelo 4%.Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela yiwona aphansi kakhulu kunayiloni engu-66, cishe amaphesenti angama-47 amapulasitiki obunjiniyela enayiloni angama-66 asetshenziswa embonini yezimoto, alandelwa ugesi nogesi (28%) kanye nezokuthutha ngojantshi (25%).

Izimoto ziyaqhubeka nokuba ngumshayeli ophambili wesidingo senayiloni 66, ngokugxila okwandayo ekusebenzeni kahle kukaphethiloli kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezimoto kushayela ukukhetha amapulasitiki anesisindo esilula kunezinsimbi ekukhetheni izinto ezisetshenziswa abakhiqizi bezimoto.Inayiloni 66 iyimpahla engasindi enezici ezinhle kakhulu ezishisayo, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okudumile kubakhiqizi bezimoto futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-powertrain yezimoto.Ama-Airbag nawo ayindawo enkulu yokufaka isicelo semicu yezimboni enayiloni 66.Isidingo esikhulu embonini yezimoto kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwemakethe enayiloni 66.

Inayiloni 66 iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izingxenye zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, izingxenye zensimbi enembile, izibani zikagesi, ama-rice cookers, ama-hoovers kagesi, ama-heaters okudla aphezulu we-elekthronikhi, njll. Inayiloni 66 nayo inokumelana okuhle kakhulu ne-soldering futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ukukhiqizwa kwamabhokisi okuhlangana, amaswishi nama-resistors.Inayiloni ye-flame retardant 66 iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni iziqeshana zezintambo zemenyu, izigcini kanye nama-focus knobs.

Izitimela ziyindawo yesithathu enkulu yokufakwa kwezicelo zamapulasitiki obunjiniyela benayiloni 66.I-Glass fiber inayiloni engu-66 eqiniswe nge-fiber iqinile, ilula, ayigugi, imelana nokugqwala, ibumbeka kalula, ilungiselwe ukwenza ukuqina, isimo sezulu kanye nokwahlukanisa, futhi iya ngokuya isetshenziswa ezimbonini zesitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye nasezimbonini zikamasipala.

Imboni yenayiloni engu-66 inezici ezijwayelekile ze-oligopoly, ngokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwenayiloni 66 egxile kakhulu emabhizinisini amakhulu afana ne-INVISTA ne-Shenma, ngakho-ke imigoqo yokungena iphakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yempahla eluhlaza yochungechunge lwemboni.Ngasohlangothini lwesidingo, nakuba izinga lokukhula kwezimboni zendwangu nezezimoto zomhlaba wonke kanye nezaseShayina lizokwehla ngo-2018-2019, esikhathini eside sikholelwa ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamandla okusetshenziswa kwabantu kanye nokwanda kobunikazi bemoto yomuntu ngamunye kusazoletha. indawo enkulu yokufunwa kwezindwangu nezimoto.Inayiloni 66 kulindeleke ukuthi igcine ukukhula okuzinzile eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, futhi uma kubhekwa iphethini yamanje yokuhlinzeka, kunendawo eningi yokushintshwa kokungenisa e-China.